A **Book-built Placement** is a share sale in which a company, promoter, private equity fund, or other selling shareholder gathers bids from investors before fixing the final price and allocations. Instead of deciding one fixed price upfront, the deal price is discovered through demand in an order book. This makes the method especially useful for listed companies and large shareholders who want to raise capital or sell stock efficiently with market-based pricing.

A **Book-built Offering** is a securities sale in which investor bids help determine the final issue price and allocations. Instead of the issuer fixing one rigid price upfront, the issuer and its underwriters collect demand across a price range, build an order book, and use that book to price the deal. This method is widely used in IPOs, follow-on offerings, and institutional share sales because it improves price discovery and can reduce the risk of severe mispricing.

A **Book-built Issue** is a securities offering in which investors submit bids within a price range, and the final issue price is discovered from those bids rather than being fixed in advance. It is widely used in IPOs, follow-on offers, and institutional share sales because it helps issuers measure real demand before pricing the deal. If you want to understand how companies raise equity in the primary market, book building is one of the most important mechanisms to learn.

Book-built Allotment is the final distribution of shares or securities to investors after demand has been collected through a book-building process. It is most commonly seen in IPOs, follow-on offers, and institutional placements where investors bid within a price range and the issuer decides the final price after reviewing demand. Understanding Book-built Allotment helps investors, students, analysts, and issuers interpret oversubscription, pricing, investor mix, and post-issue outcomes more accurately.

Book Closure is the period during which a company closes its register of members or share transfer books to determine who is entitled to a dividend, bonus issue, rights issue, or voting rights at a meeting. In plain language, it is the company’s way of freezing the shareholder list for a specific purpose. Even in modern demat markets, where record dates and depository data do much of the heavy lifting, understanding Book Closure is still essential for investors, issuers, analysts, and exam candidates.

Book Building is the process used in many IPOs and other share sales to discover investor demand and help set the offer price. Instead of fixing one price upfront, the issuer and its bankers collect bids across a price range, study the order book, and then decide the final issue price and allocation. For students, investors, and professionals, understanding Book Building is essential for reading IPO pricing, oversubscription data, and allotment outcomes.

A **bonus share** is an additional share that a company gives to its existing shareholders without asking them to pay cash, usually in a fixed ratio such as 1:1 or 1:2. It is a common corporate action in equity markets and is often misunderstood as “free wealth,” even though the company’s total value does not automatically increase just because more shares are issued. To understand a bonus share properly, you need to see both sides of the event: the shareholder receives more shares, while the company converts reserves into share capital.

Board lot is the standard trading unit for a stock or other listed security. In plain terms, it tells you what quantity counts as the market’s “normal” order size for that security, such as 100 shares, 500 shares, or another exchange-defined amount. Understanding board lots helps investors place orders correctly, interpret liquidity, and avoid confusion around odd-lot and mixed-lot trades.

Blue Sky Laws are U.S. state securities laws designed to protect investors from fraud and regulate how securities are offered and sold within a state. In practice, they matter whenever a company, fund, broker, or promoter wants to raise money or market securities to investors across state lines. Even when federal securities law applies, Blue Sky compliance can still affect filings, fees, licensing, and enforcement risk.